In the Andrade study, what was the independent variable?

The independent variable in the Andrade study is whether participants doodled or did not doodle. The study aimed to examine the effect of doodling on memory recall by manipulating this specific factor. Doodling is the only variable that was systematically altered by the researchers to determine how it would impact participants' ability to remember information. This makes it a clear choice for the independent variable, as it reflects the conditions that the researchers controlled during the experiment.

In the context of this study, the other elements presented do not directly represent the manipulation carried out by the researchers. The ability to recall names is an outcome that depends on the independent variable rather than a variable itself. The type of task assigned to participants is also not the primary focus, as the main aim was to observe the effects of doodling specifically. Additionally, prior knowledge about names and places could influence recall but wasn't manipulated in this particular experiment. Thus, doodling stands out as the variable specifically set to assess its effect on memory.