What is a potential negative effect of labeling individuals?

Labeling individuals can lead to internalized stigma, which occurs when individuals accept negative stereotypes and beliefs about themselves due to the labels placed on them by society. This can diminish self-esteem, lead to feelings of shame, and can affect an individual's identity and behavior. When someone is labeled, they might feel like they are being defined solely by that label, which can create a fixed mindset about their abilities or worth. This can ultimately hinder personal development and social interactions, as the individual might withdraw from others or engage in self-fulfilling prophecies based on the negative perceptions associated with their label.

In contrast, the other options suggest positive effects or unintended outcomes that don't align with the central issue of labeling. For example, labeling does not inherently improve social perceptions or encourage personal growth—rather, it often complicates social dynamics and can lead to distress. Additionally, while it might influence socialization in some scenarios, it does not generally prevent it. Instead, the stigma associated with a label can lead to reduced opportunities for social engagement, as the labeled individual may feel isolated or marginalized.