What is the definition of operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is defined as a method of learning in which behaviors are modified through the use of reinforcement or punishment. In this process, behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative consequences tend to decrease in frequency. This theory emphasizes the importance of external stimuli in shaping behavior.

Reinforcement can be either positive, which increases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a rewarding stimulus after the desired behavior occurs, or negative, which increases behavior by removing an adverse stimulus when the behavior is exhibited. Conversely, punishment aims to reduce undesirable behaviors by introducing negative consequences or removing positive stimuli following the behavior.

This definition pertains specifically to behavior modification and highlights the role of consequences in shaping future actions, distinctly setting it apart from other learning theories that focus on observation, cognitive processes, or developmental stages.